MPV Commentary

Of Elkanah and His Two Wives.

Elkanah was from Ramathaim-zophim, a city in the hill country of Ephratha. The name "Ramathaim" suggests a double city, possibly an old and new town of Ramah (1Sa 1:19). This city had been founded by Zuph, an Ephrathite, which is why it was also known as Ramah in the land of Zuph.

Although Elkanah was from Bethlehem-Judah (Ru 1:2) and a Levite (1Ch 6:33-34), he practiced polygamy. This was contrary to the original law, but it seems to have been common among the Hebrews during this time when there was no king in Israel, and everyone did what seemed right in their own eyes (Jud 21:25).

This man went up from his city every year to worship at Shiloh, where the tabernacle was located. He would attend one of the three solemn feasts with his family, probably the Passover. Although a Levite, Elkanah couldn't personally offer sacrifices, which was the exclusive role of the priests. However, he maintained a regular attendance on the divine ordinances, despite the poor character of the two priests who administered them.

When Elkanah offered sacrifices, he gave portions to Peninnah and their children from the peace offerings. These consecrated foods were typically eaten at a social feast before the Lord (Le 3:3; De 12:12). However, Elkanah gave Hannah a larger and more choice portion, showing his special regard for her.

Peninnah's behavior towards Hannah was particularly hurtful. Her actions were unbecoming, but domestic conflicts in polygamous households are common, often caused by jealousy of the husband's affection for another wife.